SLU-PP-332
What is SLU-PP-332?
SLU-PP-332 (known chemically as (E)-4-hydroxy-N’-(naphthalen-2-ylmethylene)benzohydrazide) is a breakthrough, non-hormonal small-molecule pan-agonist of the Estrogen-Related Receptor family (ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ). Developed by researchers at Washington University and Saint Louis University, SLU-PP-332 selectively targets orphan nuclear receptors to activate transcriptional pathways normally triggered by acute aerobic exercise. Formulated by Essential Aminos in standardized 500mcg and 15mg dry-fill capsules (60 units per bottle), researchers investigate this compound for its ability to drive mitochondrial biogenesis, upregulate cellular respiration, accelerate fatty acid oxidation, and enhance skeletal muscle endurance in metabolic and age-related decay models.
For laboratory and in vivo evaluation, researchers frequently choose to buy SLU-PP-332 capsules in precise 500mcg or 15mg dry-fill capsule configurations. Pre-measured dry-fill encapsulation ensures highly consistent oral bioavailability and exact dosing without requiring manual weighing or specialized reconstitution solution compounding.
Chemical and Molecular Data
| Compound Name | SLU-PP-332 |
|---|---|
| Quantity / Format | 500mcg / 15mg Dry-Fill Capsules (60 Units per Bottle) |
| Synonyms / Alt Names | 4-Hydroxy-N'-(naphthalen-2-ylmethylene)benzohydrazide; (E)-4-Hydroxy-N'-(naphthalen-2-ylmethylene)benzohydrazide; ERR pan-Agonist 332 |
| CAS Number | 303760-60-3 |
| Chemical Formula | C18H14N2O2 |
| Molecular Weight | 290.3 g/mol |
| IUPAC Name | 4-hydroxy-N-[(E)-naphthalen-2-ylmethylideneamino]benzamide |
| InChIKey | RNZIMBFHRXYRLL-XDHOZWIPSA-N |
| SMILES Code | C1=CC=C2C=C(C=CC2=C1)/C=N/NC(=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O |
What are the Mechanisms of Action?
The biochemical pathways and cellular targets of SLU-PP-332 include:
- Pan-ERR (ERRα / ERRβ / ERRγ) Agonism: Research demonstrates that SLU-PP-332 binds with high affinity across all three estrogen-related receptor isoforms (EC50 of 98 nM for ERRα, 230 nM for ERRβ, and 430 nM for ERRγ). By increasing ERR transcriptional activity above baseline constitutive levels, it activates nuclear gene programs governing oxidative energy metabolism.
- Mitochondrial Biogenesis & Fatty Acid Oxidation: In addition to receptor activation, SLU-PP-332 upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) signaling networks. This cascade stimulates mitochondrial DNA replication, enhances oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme expression, and shifts cellular substrate utilization toward fatty acid beta-oxidation.
- Skeletal Muscle Fiber Remodeling & Aerobic Capacity: Studies indicate that SLU-PP-332 induces an acute aerobic exercise genetic program in skeletal muscle. It converts fast-glycolytic muscle fibers into highly oxidative type IIa muscle fibers, significantly expanding running distance, time to exhaustion, and cellular oxygen consumption rates.
What are the Clinical & Preclinical Trials on SLU-PP-332?
When evaluating research efficacy and published experimental literature for SLU-PP-332:
- Metabolic Syndrome & Obesity Mitigation Models: Landmark preclinical trials published in PMC (PMC10801787) evaluated diet-induced obese and ob/ob mice treated with SLU-PP-332. The data confirmed significant increases in whole-body energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation, resulting in marked reductions in body fat mass accumulation, improved glucose tolerance, and enhanced insulin sensitivity.
- Exercise Endurance & Muscle Performance Trials: In vivo performance studies detailed in PMC (PMC11584170) demonstrated that administration of SLU-PP-332 increased treadmill running distance by up to 70% and extended running duration by 45% in treated mice, directly driven by elevated mitochondrial density and type IIa muscle fiber expansion.
- Age-Related Kidney & Mitochondrial Protection: Research cataloged in PMC (PMC10734281) evaluated 21-month-old aged murine models. Treatment with SLU-PP-332 successfully reversed age-related decreases in PGC-1α and ERRα, suppressed senescent p21 markers, restored mitochondrial complex density, and reduced chronic renal inflammation.
How does SLU-PP-332 compare to other compounds?
To evaluate target specificity, receptor networks, and metabolic mechanisms, researchers compare SLU-PP-332 against alternative nuclear receptor agonists and metabolic exercise mimetics:
| Compound / Product | Primary Target & Receptor Class | Primary Mechanism of Action | Biological Focus & Research Profile |
|---|---|---|---|
| SLU-PP-332 (500mcg / 15mg) | Pan-ERR Agonist (ERRα, ERRβ, ERRγ) | Directly activates estrogen-related receptors to stimulate PGC-1α and mitochondrial biogenesis | Mimics aerobic exercise transcription; drastically increases fatty acid oxidation, type IIa oxidative fiber conversion, and metabolic rate |
| GW-501516 (Cardarine) | PPARδ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta) Agonist | Selectively activates PPARδ nuclear receptors to upregulate lipid oxidation genes | Promotes fatty acid utilization and endurance capacity via PPAR pathways, but operates independently of direct ERR receptor activation |
| SR-9009 (Stenabolic) | Rev-Erbα / Rev-Erbβ Nuclear Receptor Agonist | Binds Rev-Erb receptors to modulate circadian metabolic gene transcription | Upregulates basal metabolic rate and mitochondrial count by suppressing Rev-Erb inhibitory gene expression, rather than activating ERR cascades |
| AICAR | AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Direct Activator | Mimics AMP to directly phosphorylate and activate the cellular energy sensor AMPK | Triggers acute cellular energy scavenging and glucose uptake, but exhibits low oral bioavailability compared to dry-fill capsule formulations of SLU-PP-332 |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the nuclear receptor target and chemical class of SLU-PP-332?
SLU-PP-332 is a small-molecule benzohydrazide derivative that acts as a pan-agonist for the Estrogen-Related Receptors (ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ). Despite its name, ERRs are orphan nuclear receptors that do not bind natural estrogens; instead, they function as master regulators of cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial function.
2. What is meant by “exercise mimetic” in SLU-PP-332 research literature?
An exercise mimetic is a compound that activates the same intracellular gene expression programs and physiological adaptations normally induced by physical exercise—such as increased mitochondrial biogenesis, elevated oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation, and muscle fiber conversion—without requiring mechanical muscle contraction.
3. How does SLU-PP-332 differ mechanically from GW-501516 (Cardarine)?
While both compounds improve fat oxidation and endurance, GW-501516 acts selectively on the PPARδ nuclear receptor. SLU-PP-332 acts directly on ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ receptors, which directly control PGC-1α transcript networks and OXPHOS respiratory complexes in skeletal muscle.
4. Why are dry-fill oral capsules preferred for SLU-PP-332 dosing in research?
Essential Aminos’ dry-fill capsules (available in 500mcg and 15mg strengths) provide consistent, pre-measured solid-state unit dosing. This eliminates the degradation risks associated with liquid solution storage and prevents dosing variance inherent in manual powder measurements.
5. What are the recommended storage and handling protocols for SLU-PP-332 capsules?
Bottles containing dry-fill SLU-PP-332 capsules should be kept tightly sealed in a cool, dry environment (15°C to 25°C) away from direct sunlight, excess heat, and humidity. Under controlled storage conditions, dry-fill capsules maintain complete chemical stability throughout their shelf life.
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Disclaimer: All compounds and research materials provided by Essential Aminos are strictly for laboratory and research professional use only. They are not approved for human or animal use nor consumption by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products should not be used for any form of in vivo experimentation or for any other non-laboratory purpose. Any violation or indication of human or animal use will result in immediate removal from being able to purchase products in the future. By purchasing these products, you acknowledge that they will be used exclusively within a controlled and qualified research environment.
| Specification | Value |
|---|---|
| Size | 15MG, 500MCG, 1MG |
Certificate of Analysis
Certificates of analysis are provided for laboratory research reference. Expand a batch below to view the PDF. Only the newest three COAs for this product are listed here.
SLU-PP-332 500MCG - Lot / Batch: BX-C-K5D2
- Mass Identification: SLU-PP-332 confirmed
- Average Net Peptide: 508.31 mcg
- Average Purity: 99.449%
- Lot#: BX-C-K5D2
Search all COAs by batch number (includes older batches not shown above).
